Body of Knowledge · October 2026 · thesovereignstack.org

1 of 5 · UK Public Sector Sovereignty Index · 2026

46

Our data lives in the UK. Control of it mostly doesn't.

46 out of 100 across 411 sourced findings in 9 parts of the public sector: the NHS, central government, defence, the devolved governments, councils, police, the BBC, schools and universities.

ExposedDependentPartly sovereignSovereign

2 of 5 · Twelve dimensions

Strong on location. Weak on control.

Where data is stored is the one thing the UK has largely got right. Who holds the keys, who can inspect the code, who owns the vendor and how much value stays here all score far lower.

What is sovereignty?
  1. D1 Residency 82 out of 100, Sovereign 82
  2. D2 Jurisdiction 58 out of 100, Partly sovereign 58
  3. D4 Operational control 56 out of 100, Partly sovereign 56
  4. D3 Crypto keys 53 out of 100, Partly sovereign 53
  5. D7 Ownership 53 out of 100, Partly sovereign 53
  6. D5 Continuity 50 out of 100, Partly sovereign 50
  7. D11 UK capability 47 out of 100, Dependent 47
  8. D9 Supply chain 42 out of 100, Dependent 42
  9. D6 Code / model control 36 out of 100, Dependent 36
  10. D10 Portability 36 out of 100, Dependent 36
  11. D12 UK value capture 31 out of 100, Dependent 31
  12. D8 IP 22 out of 100, Exposed 22
0 exposed50100 sovereign
UK public-sector average per dimension across 411 sourced findings. The line is 50.

3 of 5 · Ownership

Owned elsewhere.

86% of £4.6bn a year in sourced contracts goes to suppliers owned outside the UK (76% of £2.8bn without the public-sector-wide Microsoft estimate)
78% to suppliers ultimately owned in the United States
25 UK-owned suppliers taken over, bought out or restructured since 2020, out of 46 deals in the evidence base, half of them by private equity
Public service
Policing 66 Defence 64 Devolved Governments 60 Local Government 55 BBC 42 NHS 37
Supplier
Microsoft 45 Amazon Web Services 16 Oracle 10 Google 9 Civica 6 SAP 5
Ultimate owner is in
United States 216 United Kingdom 90 Other non-UK 90 Mixed 14 Unknown 1
411 sourced findings. Ribbons are sized by the number of findings; hatched ribbons end in a US-owned supplier. 78% of findings with a known owner are owned outside the UK.
Show as a table
Public service Supplier Findings
Policing All other suppliers (320) 57
Defence All other suppliers (320) 56
Devolved Governments All other suppliers (320) 47
BBC All other suppliers (320) 37
Local Government All other suppliers (320) 34
NHS All other suppliers (320) 27
Central Government All other suppliers (320) 21
Higher Education All other suppliers (320) 21
Schools All other suppliers (320) 20
Policing Microsoft 8
Devolved Governments Microsoft 8
Local Government Microsoft 7
NHS Microsoft 6
Defence Microsoft 6
Central Government Amazon Web Services 5
Higher Education Microsoft 5
Local Government Civica 5
Central Government Microsoft 4
Central Government Google 4
Local Government Oracle 4
BBC Amazon Web Services 3
NHS Amazon Web Services 2
NHS Oracle 2
Higher Education Google 2
Local Government Google 2
Local Government SAP 2
Devolved Governments Amazon Web Services 2
Central Government Oracle 1
Central Government SAP 1
BBC Microsoft 1
BBC SAP 1
Schools Google 1
Higher Education Amazon Web Services 1
Higher Education Oracle 1
Local Government Amazon Web Services 1
Policing Amazon Web Services 1
Defence Amazon Web Services 1
Defence Oracle 1
Devolved Governments SAP 1
Devolved Governments Civica 1
Devolved Governments Oracle 1

4 of 5 · Stack and skills

One open stack. Many suppliers. Identity first.

A reference architecture on open standards, delivered by many UK and allied suppliers, with customer-held keys and tested exit. Schools, universities and the BBC teach on the stack the public sector runs, so the people who operate it are ours too.

It can be done: GOV.UK Notify, Pay and One Login, Jisc's Janet network, NHS smartcard identity, Estonia's X-Road, the French Gendarmerie. We document 43 cases, 37 of them live or expanding.

The stack today, layer by layer, 0 to 100
  1. Security 56
  2. AI 43
  3. Business apps 44
  4. Workplace 41
  5. Platform 49
  6. Infrastructure 44
  7. Physical 58
7 layer groups from chips to security. Identity sits in the platform layer; it is where the fix starts.

5 of 5 · The money

The money is already being spent.

~£1.9bn
a year on one vendor's licences across the public sector (The Register, 2025)
£95m
a year if 5% of that were redirected to UK open-source hardening and support; £190m at 10%. Illustrative arithmetic, not a forecast.
6% → 30%
the redirection ladder over five years, with six sourced procurement levers

Every large contract comes up for renewal on a known date. Each one is a chance to require open formats, customer-held keys and tested exit, and to buy from UK firms in lots they can win.